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Hollow Atoms (discovered in 1990 by a French team of researchers around Jean-Pierre Briand) are short-lived multiply excited neutral atoms which carry a large part of their Z electrons (Z ... projectile nuclear charge) in high-n levels while inner shells remain (transiently) empty. This population inversion arises for typically 100 femtoseconds during the ''interaction of a slow highly charged ion (HCI) with a solid surface''. Despite this limited lifetime, the formation and decay of a hollow atom can be conveniently studied from ejected electrons and soft X-rays, and the trajectories, energy loss and final charge state distribution of surface-scattered projectiles. For impact on insulator surfaces the potential energy contained by hollow atom may also cause the release of target atoms and -ions via potential sputtering and the formation of nanostructures on a surface. ==External links== *(Short movie on hollow atom formation ). *(Review article ) on hollow atoms. *(EU Network ITS-LEIF ) *(MPI Heidelberg, Germany ) *(NIST, USA ) *(TU Wien, Austria ) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hollow atoms」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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